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chemistry

The Kohlrausch Law and its Applications

The Kohlrausch Law, also known as Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions, is a principle in electrochemistry that describes how the molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be calculated as a sum of contributions from individual ions. This law was formulated by the German physicist Friedrich Kohlrausch in the late 19th century. Definition: The...Read More

The Law of Multiple Proportions with Examples

The Law of Multiple Proportions is a fundamental principle in chemistry that was formulated by the English chemist John Dalton in the early 19th century. This law describes the relationship between the masses of elements that combine to form different compounds. The said law states that if two elements combine to form more than one...Read More

The Law of Definite Proportions with Examples

The Law of Definite Proportions, also known as the Law of Constant Composition, is a fundamental principle in chemistry that states that a chemical compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass, regardless of the source or method of preparation. It is one of the Laws of Chemical Combination...Read More

The Law of Conservation of Mass, Formula with Examples

The Law of Conservation of Mass is a fundamental principle in chemistry, which states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; it is conserved. This law is often associated with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist who made significant contributions to the understanding of chemical reactions and laid the...Read More

Laws of Chemical Combination for Elements and Compounds

The laws of chemical combination are fundamental principles that describe how elements and compounds react and combine with each other. These laws provide the foundation for understanding chemical reactions and the behavior of matter in chemical processes. There are five primary laws of chemical combination. What are the Laws of Chemical Combination? The laws of...Read More

The Anti-Markovnikov Rule, Definition, Significance and Applications

The Anti-Markovnikov Rule, also known as the Kharasch Rule, is a principle in organic chemistry. It describes the regioselectivity of certain chemical reactions, specifically addition reactions to unsymmetrical alkenes (carbon-carbon double bonds) in the presence of certain reagents, typically hydrogen halides (H-X, where X is a halogen like chlorine, bromine, or iodine). The Anti-Markovnikov Rule...Read More

Hund’s Rule, Definition, and Applications.

Hund’s rule states that electrons fill each orbital singly in degenerate orbitals before pairing up. Degenerate orbitals are orbitals of the same energy level. While Hund’s rule is a fundamental concept in chemistry, it doesn’t necessarily manifest in “real-time” events like a visible phenomenon. Instead, it influences the behavior of electrons in atoms and molecules....Read More

The Markovnikov Rule, Exceptions and Applications.

The Markovnikov Rule, also known as Markovnikov’s addition, is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry that helps predict the outcome of electrophilic addition reactions to unsymmetrical alkenes or alkynes. It states that in the addition of a protic acid (such as HCl or HBr) or other electrophiles to an unsymmetrical alkene or alkyne, the electrophile...Read More

The Pauli Exclusion Principle, Real Time Examples and Some Exception.

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. The four quantum numbers are: What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle? The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. The four...Read More

The Aufbau Principle, Salient Features and Exception.

The Aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy level before occupying higher-energy levels. It is a physical principle that states that electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy level before occupying higher energy levels. What is mean by...Read More
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